What Are PFAS

PFAS, or per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances, are synthetic chemicals that have been widely used in industrial and consumer products since the mid-20th century. Known for their resistance to heat, water, and chemicals, these substances have been utilised in a variety of applications across Australia and globally since the 1950s.

Common Uses of PFAS

PFAS are found in a wide range of products, including:

• Textiles and leather goods
• Metal plating
• Food packaging
• Firefighting foams
• Floor polishes
• Denture cleansers and shampoos
• Coatings and photographic processes
• Hydraulic fluids and medical devices

Historically, three types of PFAS - Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS), Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA), and Perfluorohexane Sulfonate (PFHxS) - were widely used in firefighting foams. These foams were employed at defence bases, airports, and firefighting training sites across New South Wales.

While some essential uses of PFAS are still permitted, national and international efforts aim to reduce the use of the most hazardous compounds as a precautionary measure.

Where Are PFAS Found?

Due to their widespread use and environmental persistence, traces of PFAS are often present in groundwater, surface water, and soil, particularly in urban areas. Higher concentrations may be found in locations where PFAS were heavily used or released, such as industrial sites or training facilities.

Potential Health Effects

Health concerns related to PFAS exposure are subject to ongoing research, and findings differ between Australian and international authorities.

• NSW EPA: "There is no consistent evidence of health effects in humans, but laboratory studies on animals have shown impacts. Given the persistence of PFAS in the environment and the uncertainty around potential risks, the NSW Government is taking a cautious approach."
• US EPA: "Exposure to certain PFAS may lead to adverse health outcomes. Research indicates links to reproductive issues, developmental delays in children, increased cancer risks, immune system effects, hormone disruption, and higher cholesterol levels."

Why Is the NSW EPA Investigating PFAS?

The stability of PFOS and PFOA means they do not break down easily, persisting in the environment for decades. The NSW EPA is conducting investigations at sites where PFAS were used in significant quantities.

Focus Areas for Investigation

The EPA is prioritising sites such as airports, firefighting training facilities, and industrial locations. Investigations assess contamination in soil and water both on-site and in surrounding areas. Commonwealth agencies, including the Department of Defence, are also involved, as PFAS contamination often extends beyond state-regulated boundaries.

How Are People Exposed to PFAS?

Most exposure occurs through food and water containing trace amounts of PFAS or via everyday items such as cosmetics, shaving creams, water-repellent sprays, and non-stick cookware.

The NSW EPA states that its investigation aims to better understand the extent of PFAS contamination and prepare for any future health or environmental concerns.